The Protestant Reformation and subsequent Great Awakenings produced writings that shattered medieval Christendom and reshaped Western civilization. Martin Luther's 95 Theses (1517), nailed to the Wittenberg church door, ignited the Reformation by challenging indulgences and papal authority—spreading across Germany within two weeks via the printing press. John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536, expanded through 1559) systematized Reformed theology, establishing predestination, total depravity, and God's sovereignty as foundational Protestant doctrines that shaped Puritanism, Presbyterianism, and Reformed churches worldwide. John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678), written in Bedford jail for preaching without a license, became the best-selling Christian book after the Bible—an allegorical journey of 'Christian' from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City, battling Giant Despair in Doubting Castle and crossing the River of Death. Jonathan Edwards' 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God' (1741), the most famous sermon in American history, catalyzed the First Great Awakening with terrifying imagery of God holding sinners over hellfire 'much as one holds a spider or some loathsome insect over the fire.' George Whitefield's 'The Method of Grace' exemplified evangelical preaching emphasizing experiential conversion over ritual religion. These works represent Christianity's transformation from hierarchical sacramentalism to personal faith, scriptural authority, and the priesthood of all believers.
Disputation on the Power of Indulgences
Martin Luther's 1517 challenge to indulgences and papal authority, nailed to Wittenberg church door, sparked Protestant Reformation, spread via printing press
95 Theses — Full Summary & Context →John Calvin
Calvin's systematic theology (1536, expanded to 1559), foundational Reformed doctrine—predestination, total depravity, God's sovereignty, shaped Puritanism and Presbyterian churches worldwide
Institutes of the Christian Religion — Full Summary & Context →From This World to That Which Is to Come
John Bunyan's allegorical masterpiece (1678), written in Bedford jail, Christian's journey from City of Destruction to Celestial City, best-selling Christian book after Bible
The Pilgrim's Progress — Full Summary & Context →Jonathan Edwards' Fire Sermon
Most famous American sermon (1741), Edwards' terrifying imagery of God holding sinners like spiders over hellfire, catalyzed First Great Awakening revival
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God — Full Summary & Context →George Whitefield
Whitefield's Great Awakening sermon emphasizing experiential conversion over ritual religion, evangelical preaching to masses, cross-denominational revival
The Method of Grace — Full Summary & Context →John Wesley
Wesley's 1766 defense of entire sanctification—the doctrine that Christians can be perfected in love in this life—foundational to Methodist theology and the Holiness movement
A Plain Account of Christian Perfection — Full Summary & Context →Lutheran Confessional Documents
1580 compilation of ten Lutheran confessional documents including the Augsburg Confession, Luther's Catechisms, and the Formula of Concord—defining doctrinal standard for Lutheran churches worldwide
Book of Concord — Full Summary & Context →Reformed Confession of Faith
1563 Reformed catechism in 129 questions and answers, opens with the famous 'What is your only comfort in life and death?'—warmest and most devotional of the Reformed confessions
Heidelberg Catechism — Full Summary & Context →Jonathan Edwards
Edwards' 1746 masterwork distinguishing genuine from counterfeit religious experience—true conversion produces holy affections and transformed character, not merely emotional excitement
The Religious Affections — Full Summary & Context →Presbyterian Doctrinal Standard
1646 Calvinist confession produced by the Westminster Assembly—Scripture's authority, covenant theology, predestination, and church government—defining standard for Presbyterian churches worldwide
Westminster Confession of Faith — Full Summary & Context →All editions below are included with your KU subscription at no extra cost.
Everything You Want to Know About Forbidden Christian Texts in Plain English
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Childhood Stories, Trial Records, Resurrection Visions, and Secret Sayings
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